The Ten Commandments Of Buying Birds For Breeding

The Ten Commandments For Buying Birds For Breeding

Your success or failure as a bird breeder will depend greatly on the quality of the birds that you own. To get things started you will first need to invest in the parent breeds. When you are setting up your farm or your breeding centre, one of the most important responsibilities that you have is sourcing of healthy parent breeds. We can never stress enough the importance of the initial set of birds that you source for your bird breeding centre in India or your bird breeding farm in India. Here are your ten commandments for buying birds for breeding, these factors are applicable regardless of whether you are purchasing conures, grey parrots, African love birds, ordinary budgies, show budgies, cockatiels or macaws.

1. Never rush to buy your birds. Take your time. If you rush, you are likely to make rash decisions and end up with something that you don’t like for example birds that do not enjoy good health or birds that are not of breeding age.
2. Do your research; learn about the birds that you would like to buy. Find out information like their total life span, breeding age, how to distinguish between male and female birds if they are dimorphic, how to approximate the age of the birds based on the plumage, eye rings and so on. You can find whole lot of information online, if required invest in good books that will help you see things in better light.
3. Enquire around for the market price. The cost of the birds varies depending on from where you are purchasing your birds. Number of factors come into play here such as the city that you are in, the city or the area from where you are purchasing your birds, whether you are purchasing from a pet shop, from a trader or from a breeder. You will understand how things work here when you gain experience in buying and probably selling your birds. The cost of the birds also vary depending on their age, nature of the rings, health condition, etc. You should learn to compare an apple with an apple when you are comparing your prices. As a breeder, I would not mind spending little extra if I can establish that the birds are in prime health condition rather than trying to save a little on birds whose quality that I have reservations about. So play your cards carefully here when you are comparing and shopping around for your prices.
4. Never blame the seller! The seller could be a trader, breeder, pet shop or anyone from where you are purchasing your birds. Take complete responsibility for your decision. It is your responsibility to examine and establish the quality of the birds that you are planning to purchase. You cannot skip this step and throw childish tantrums later. You might say that you don’t have experience in selecting birds, this is where all the above commandments make sense. Do not rush to order your birds, do your research, read around different online forum, learn, gather as much information as possible so that you become a well-informed buyer that no one can con you. By saying this I do not mean to say that the seller has the right to cheat their customers but the problem is that in every niche industry there are both good and bad individuals. So you need to be on your guards and tread cautiously. No one is putting you under the gunpoint to buy from a particular seller. You have all the freedom to select your sources. I have been lucky to come across some of the best sellers, genuine, friendly and very helpful providing support. I have purchased from breeders as well as from traders. My personal experience with them has been very good so far. So do take time to identify your sources. After all some of the birds cost us thousands and I will certainly not prefer to throw away my hard-earned money due to my careless approach while selecting my birds.
5. Purchase from a local source or from place to which you can personally make a visit to pick up your birds. Examine the birds personally before purchasing, it is your responsibility to ensure the quality of the product that you are purchasing no matter what the sales person tells you. It is much easier and convenient to have the birds transported to you but it is worth it to put yourself through little inconvenience here so that you do not regret later. No seller will object you doing this, they will rather be happy to receive you because they will not have to go through the hassles of transporting the birds to you. You could be pointing to practical difficulties, expenses involved, time taken, etc., in having to visit places just to pick your birds. It is up to you to decide, you could come up with a long list of reasons or more so excuses… but don’t lament later. 
6. Regardless of what the seller says, you should be the one that makes the final decision. Do not allow yourself to be swayed by the seller’s words regardless of whether the seller is telling the truth or otherwise. If you have done your homework, you will be in a better position to make your choices and decisions. Pick up your birds only when you are 100% sure and confident. If not, you can always find a different seller. Do not worry about factors such as missing the deal if you are not comfortable with something.
7. Always buy from reputed sellers that are concerned about their reputation. I know sellers that are so concerned about their reputation that are prepared to take up loss rather than sell a problematic bird to you. You need to deal only with such people because they know that it is not just a one-day show, if they want to be successful in the industry in which there is so much of competition, good reputation in their forte. Don’t think there aren’t any such sellers in the field, I have come across them and you too will, if you look in the right places.
8. Never purchase birds without DNA if the birds are not dimorphic unless you are ready to pair them later. Even with dimorphic birds, purchase only when you can visually confirm the differences personally no matter what the seller says to convince you on the sex of the birds.
9. Never pay more for birds just because it is a confirmed pair, a bird that has been breeding successfully need not necessarily breed in a new location. Birds are sensitive! They take time to settle in a new place before they could breed. I personally feel that it is not worth it to bet heavy on confirmed pairs given all else being equal.
10. Do not buy birds for breeding if you are not ready to wait. They are not machines that you can switch on to produce young ones as soon as you install them! If you are 100% commercially and with no personal love for birds or interest in them breeding may not be right for you. You could find your money elsewhere and probably, you will be more successful there.

Terms Every Breeder Should Know - Bird Breeding – Glossary – Basic – Part 1

Bird Breeding – Glossary – Basic – Part 1

This glossary is compiled for beginners that are getting confused and that are not sure what these terms exactly mean.

Why it is important that a breeder knows the terms listed here? As a breeder, you will coming across these terms in various situations. For example, when the bird seller says that it is a closed ring bird or closed band birds, you should know what it means, when the seller says that it is adult pair you should know what he or she means by that and whether the pair that is being sold is really an adult pair or a semi adult pair so that you pay the right price for your birds. Therefore the terms that I have listed here are very significant for bird breeders or someone interested in aviculture. I have tried to include as many terms that I have come across in my personal experience and I don’t claim this list to be an exhaustive one. I have tried to explain each of these terms in simple, lay-person’s language so that someone that is new to breeding birds is not simply intimidated by the jargon used in this field. Some of the terms here are not necessarily limited to Aviculture or just to birds but in this glossary, I have limited the scope of the explanation only to aviculture.

Breeding – Refers to the process of producing offspring or the reproduction process of birds that are considered true pairs. The breeding process involves six important stages namely courtship, laying of eggs, incubating, hatching of eggs, feeding and dispersal.

Mating – Coming together of birds that are of opposite sex for copulation or sexual reproduction.

Courtship or Courtship Rituals or Courtship Dance – The set of acts done by birds to impress its partner before mating. Each bird will have its own set of behaviors including special calls, display of plumage, postures and special movements. To our knowledge it is believed that courtship rituals are performed by the males to impress the females that it is considering as its mate.

Adult Pair – A pair of birds that are considered to be of age for breeding. Or pair of birds that are in their breeding age. The breeding age varies from one species to the other.

Semi Adult Pair – The stage before the breeding age. Pairs that are not yet ready for breeding, but will come to breeding age in a few months time. This again varies from one species to the other.

True Pair – A true pair refers to a set of birds that are actually a male and a female proven either through DNA testing or natural dimorphism or in experience whereby it has been seen to have successfully produced fertilized eggs. 

Compatible Pair – To successfully breed it is not enough to have just a true pair i.e. that is just a male and a female but the male and female that you have should be a compatible pair. In other words, compatible pair refers to birds that accept each other as their mate so as to involve in breeding behavior and eventually breed successfully.

Clutch or Clutch Of Eggs – Refers to the set of eggs produced by a particular pair at a single time. The clutch size or the number of eggs laid by each species and each pair varies. Sometimes the same pair may lay different number of eggs each time or each season depending on its health conditions, general well being and numerous other factors that control the clutch size.

Hatching – The process of the young ones coming out of the eggs, breaking the shells is called hatching.

Brooding – Birds sitting on the eggs for a specified period of time to hatch the eggs. This process is also called incubation and the act, incubating.

Incubator – An electric device that is used to artificially hatch the fertilized eggs. An incubator simulates the brooding conditions.

Nesting – Refers to the set of behaviors exhibited by birds that are in breeding process which includes preparing of the nest box, spending time in the nest box even before the eggs are laid (not referring to birds that have the habit of spending their nights in the nest box) and incubation of the eggs.

Nest Box – A box or other set up that is provided for the caged birds as a special place where the birds can lay their eggs, incubate and take care of the young ones until the young ones are ready to be on their own. 

Incubating / Incubation – The process of the parent birds sitting on the egg to hatch the eggs. This process is also called brooding. The incubation can also be handled artificially using incubators.

Crop Milk – When a parent bird regurgitates the food it eats to feed the young ones the food, the lining of the crop secretes a highly nutritious substance which is important for the hatchlings’ growth and immunity. The secretion from the crop lining of the parent birds is called crop milk.

Bird Leg Rings or leg bands – Metal Rings or plastic rings in general are used to identify one bird from the other in the breeding farms which helps them keep the birds segregated during the breeding season. Leg rings or bands are also important while sexing birds because the DNA results are matched with the numbers or the codes in the leg rings or bands of the birds.

Closed Ring Birds / Closed Band Birds – Birds that wear metal or plastic rings that are of closed nature as opposed to rings that are with cuts or slits. Closed ring or closed band shows that the birds are bred in farms or raised in farms because closed rings can be put on to the birds legs only when they are very young, just about 15 days old.

Cut Ring Birds / Cut Band / Open Band - Cut rings refer to rings that have a slit which can be expanded while putting on the rings to adult birds and squeezed back to ensure that it does not slip out of the bird’s leg. Also check Bird Leg Rings and Closed Ring Birds.

Mutation – Refers to the variations from the original bird traits in terms of physical appearance, for our purposes mainly referring to the color of the plumage. For example, the original color of Indian Ring Neck parrots is Green but through mutation we have Indian Ring Necks in various colors including blue, grey, white, yellow, violet and many more.

Incubation Period – The number of days it takes for a fertilized egg to hatch after the parent birds start sitting on the eggs or incubating. The incubation period varies from species to species.

Gestation Time / Gestation Period – See Incubation Period

418 Natural Sources Of Calcium

400+ Natural Sources Of Calcium

Important Notes:

1. This list is a general list of natural sources of calcium some of the foods listed here may not be suitable for birds as they may contain other things besides calcium which may not be suitable for avian consumption.  So please check online for the compatibility of these foods for avian use before you feed your birds.
2. Do not limit just to one source, bring in variety meant for picky eaters or birds that are fussy about what they eat.
3. Never overfeed your birds just because a particular type of food is rich in calcium.
4. The list indicates the calcium level in mg for every 100 g.
5. Please remember, as much as calcium deficiency, excessive calcium too can prove to be equally harmful for your birds so practice moderation.
6. Some of the foods in the list may not be available in your geographic location, don’t worry there are plenty of options and you can always find a whole lot of things that are available in your area.

Sesame seeds, whole, dried	975
Winged beans, mature seeds, raw	440
Fireweed, leaves, raw	429
Grape leaves, raw	363
Soybeans, mature seeds, raw	277
Nuts, almonds	269
Seeds, flaxseed	255
Beans, white, mature seeds, raw	240
Collards, raw	232
Amaranth leaves, raw	215
Roselle, raw	215
Mustard spinach, (tendergreen), raw	210
Kale, scotch, raw	205
Soybeans, green, raw	197
Beans, kidney, california red, mature seeds, raw	195
Turnip greens, raw	190
Dandelion greens, raw	187
Drumstick leaves, raw	185
Garlic, raw	181
Lupins, mature seeds, raw	176
Seaweed, kelp, raw	168
Beans, yellow, mature seeds, raw	166
Nopales, raw	164
Seeds, lotus seeds, dried	163
Orange peel, raw	161
Arugula, raw	160
Beans, black turtle, mature seeds, raw	160
Nuts, brazilnuts, dried, unblanched	160
Amaranth grain, uncooked	159
Fungi, Cloud ears, dried	159
Kale, raw	150
Mothbeans, mature seeds, raw	150
Seaweed, wakame, raw	150
Beans, navy, mature seeds, raw	147
Nuts, pilinuts, dried	145
Beans, kidney, all types, mature seeds, raw	143
Mungo beans, mature seeds, raw	138
Parsley, fresh	138
Yardlong beans, mature seeds, raw	138
Lemon peel, raw	134
Mung beans, mature seeds, raw	132
Beans, pink, mature seeds, raw	130
Hyacinth beans, mature seeds, raw	130
Pigeon peas (red gram), mature seeds, raw	130
Taro, tahitian, raw	129
Cowpeas (blackeyes), immature seeds, raw	126
Seaweed, spirulina, dried	120
Beet greens, raw	117
Chrysanthemum leaves, raw	117
Chrysanthemum, garland, raw	117
Mustard greens, raw	115
Nuts, hazelnuts or filberts	114
Beans, pinto, mature seeds, raw	113
Pepeao, dried	113
Tempeh	111
Cowpeas, common (blackeyes, crowder, southern), mature seeds, raw	110
Eppaw, raw	110
Broccoli raab, raw	108
Taro leaves, raw	107
Peanuts, spanish, raw	106
Cabbage, chinese (pak-choi), raw	105
Nuts, pistachio nuts, raw	105
Broadbeans (fava beans), mature seeds, raw	103
Butterbur, (fuki), raw	103
Chicory greens, raw	100
Spinach, raw	99
Nuts, walnuts, english	98
Seeds, breadnut tree seeds, raw	98
Peppers, pasilla, dried	97
Borage, raw	93
Chives, raw	92
Peanuts, all types, raw	92
Rhubarb, raw	86
Cowpeas, catjang, mature seeds, raw	85
Nuts, macadamia nuts, raw	85
Balsam-pear (bitter gourd), leafy tips, raw	84
Winged beans, immature seeds, raw	84
Beans, kidney, red, mature seeds, raw	83
Okra, raw	82
Lima beans, large, mature seeds, raw	81
Lima beans, thin seeded (baby), mature seeds, raw	81
Okara	80
Seeds, safflower seed kernels, dried	78
Seeds, sunflower seed kernels, dried	78
Sweet potato leaves, raw	78
Cabbage, chinese (pe-tsai), raw	77
Swamp cabbage, (skunk cabbage), raw	77
Tamarinds, raw	74
Nuts, chestnuts, japanese, dried	72
Onions, spring or scallions (includes tops and bulb), raw	72
Seaweed, irishmoss, raw	72
Cardoon, raw	70
Nuts, pecans	70
Oranges, raw, with peel	70
Seaweed, laver, raw	70
Coriander (cilantro) leaves, raw	67
PACE, Jalapenos Nacho Sliced Peppers	67
Soybeans, mature seeds, sprouted, raw	67
Beans, adzuki, mature seeds, raw	66
Cowpeas, young pods with seeds, raw	65
Lemon grass (citronella), raw	65
Purslane, raw	65
Dates, medjool	64
Cowpeas, leafy tips, raw	63
Kumquats, raw	62
Peanuts, valencia, raw	62
Nuts, hickorynuts, dried	61
Nuts, walnuts, black, dried	61
Peppers, ancho, dried	61
Seeds, breadfruit seeds, boiled	61
Salsify, (vegetable oyster), raw	60
Leeks, (bulb and lower leaf-portion), raw	59
New Zealand spinach, raw	58
Oat bran, raw	58
Chickpeas (garbanzo beans, bengal gram), mature seeds, raw	57
Miso	57
Rice bran, crude	57
Prickly pears, raw	56
Beans, snap, green, microwaved	55
Currants, european black, raw	55
Nuts, acorns, dried	54
Oats	54
Seaweed, agar, raw	54
Seeds, watermelon seed kernels, dried	54
Nuts, butternuts, dried	53
Pokeberry shoots, (poke), raw	53
Raisins, golden seedless	53
Endive, raw	52
Onions, young green, tops only	52
Radish seeds, sprouted, raw	51
Hyacinth-beans, immature seeds, raw	50
Raisins, seedless	50
Yardlong bean, raw	50
Fennel, bulb, raw	49
Hummus, home prepared	49
Broccoli, flower clusters, raw	48
Broccoli, stalks, raw	48
Lentils, pink or red, raw	48
Broccoli, raw	47
Cabbage, common (danish, domestic, and pointed types), freshly harvest, raw	47
Cabbage, common (danish, domestic, and pointed types), stored, raw	47
Nuts, chestnuts, european, boiled and steamed	46
Seeds, pumpkin and squash seed kernels, dried	46
Cabbage, red, raw	45
Longans, dried	45
Lotus root, raw	45
Peppers, hot chile, sun-dried	45
Artichokes, (globe or french), raw	44
Dock, raw	44
Seeds, lotus seeds, raw	44
Celeriac, raw	43
Mushrooms, morel, raw	43
Oranges, raw, Florida	43
Oranges, raw, navels	43
Peas, edible-podded, raw	43
Rutabagas, raw	43
Taro, raw	43
Brussels sprouts, raw	42
Corn bran, crude	42
Pigeonpeas, immature seeds, raw	42
Burdock root, raw	41
Chicory roots, raw	41
Luncheon slices, meatless	41
Nuts, acorns, raw	41
Cabbage, raw	40
Celery, raw	40
Oranges, raw, all commercial varieties	40
Oranges, raw, California, valencias	40
Celtuce, raw	39
Corn pudding, home prepared	39
Dates, deglet noor	39
Mulberries, raw	39
Pumpkin flowers, raw	39
Pumpkin leaves, raw	39
Wheat germ, crude	39
Elderberries, raw	38
Beans, fava, in pod, raw	37
Beans, snap, green, raw	37
Beans, snap, yellow, raw	37
Grapes, muscadine, raw	37
Nuts, cashew nuts, raw	37
Peas, green, split, mature seeds, raw	37
Shallots, raw	37
Tangerines, (mandarin oranges), raw	37
Triticale	37
Lettuce, green leaf, raw	36
Parsnips, raw	36
Peas, mature seeds, sprouted, raw	36
Seeds, breadfruit seeds, raw	36
Bulgur, dry	35
Cabbage, savoy, raw	35
Figs, raw	35
Lentils, raw	35
Lettuce, butterhead (includes boston and bibb types), raw	35
Nuts, chestnuts, japanese, roasted	35
Kiwifruit, green, raw	34
Lima beans, immature seeds, raw	34
Wheat, durum	34
Wheat, soft white	34
Barley, hulled	33
Carrots, raw	33
Cauliflower, green, raw	33
Currants, red and white, raw	33
Lettuce, cos or romaine, raw	33
Lettuce, red leaf, raw	33
Limes, raw	33
Litchis, dried	33
PACE, Salsa Refried Beans	33
PACE, Spicy Jalapeno Refried Beans	33
PACE, Traditional Refried Beans	33
Rice, brown, medium-grain, raw	33
Alfalfa seeds, sprouted, raw	32
Carrots, baby, raw	32
Wheat, hard white	32
Nuts, chestnuts, japanese, raw	31
Prune puree	31
Clementines, raw	30
Drumstick pods, raw	30
Potatoes, raw, skin	30
Sweet potato, raw, unprepared	30
Turnips, raw	30
Blackberries, raw	29
Nuts, chestnuts, chinese, dried	29
Nuts, chestnuts, european, roasted	29
Wheat, hard red winter	29
Raisins, seeded	28
Rice, white, long-grain, regular, raw, enriched	28
Rice, white, long-grain, regular, raw, unenriched	28
Wheat, sprouted	28
Beans, adzuki, yokan, mature seeds	27
Nuts, chestnuts, european, raw, unpeeled	27
Persimmons, native, raw	27
Radishes, oriental, raw	27
Radishes, white icicle, raw	27
Wheat, soft red winter	27
Gourd, white-flowered (calabash), raw	26
Lemons, raw, without peel	26
Mountain yam, hawaii, raw	26
Gooseberries, raw	25
Lentils, sprouted, raw	25
Meatballs, meatless	25
Noodles, chinese, cellophane or long rice (mung beans), dehydrated	25
Peas, green, raw	25
Persimmons, japanese, dried	25
Radishes, raw	25
Raspberries, raw	25
Wheat, hard red spring	25
Asparagus, raw	24
Couscous, dry	24
Jackfruit, raw	24
Kohlrabi, raw	24
Nuts, coconut water (liquid from coconuts)	24
Rye grain	24
Sugar-apples, (sweetsop), raw	24
Onions, raw	23
Rice, brown, long-grain, raw	23
Broadbeans, immature seeds, raw	22
Cauliflower, raw	22
Grapefruit, raw, pink and red, all areas	22
Guavas, strawberry, raw	21
Pumpkin, raw	21
Sapodilla, raw	21
Wild rice, raw	21
Gourd, dishcloth (towelgourd), raw	20
Kiwifruit, gold, raw	20
Nuts, ginkgo nuts, dried	20
Onions, sweet, raw	20
Onions, yellow, sauteed	20
Papayas, raw	20
Tapioca, pearl, dry	20
Balsam-pear (bitter gourd), pods, raw	19
Chicory, witloof, raw	19
Java-plum, (jambolan), raw	19
Nuts, chestnuts, chinese, roasted	19
Nuts, chestnuts, european, raw, peeled	19
Radicchio, raw	19
Sesbania flower, raw	19
Waxgourd, (chinese preserving melon), raw	19
Buckwheat	18
Crabapples, raw	18
Guavas, common, raw	18
Lettuce, iceberg (includes crisphead types), raw	18
Mushrooms, brown, italian, or crimini, raw	18
Nuts, chestnuts, chinese, raw	18
Peppers, hot chili, green, raw	18
Potatoes, Russet, flesh and skin, baked	18
Sapote, mamey, raw	18
Beans, kidney, mature seeds, sprouted, raw	17
Breadfruit, raw	17
Buckwheat groats, roasted, dry	17
Chayote, fruit, raw	17
Feijoa, raw	17
Yam, raw	17
Beets, raw	16
Cassava, raw	16
Cherries, sour, red, raw	16
Cucumber, with peel, raw	16
Ginger root, raw	16
Jew's ear, (pepeao), raw	16
Loquats, raw	16
Nuts, coconut milk, raw (liquid expressed from grated meat and water)	16
Nuts, pine nuts, dried	16
Poi	16
Strawberries, raw	16
Beans, navy, mature seeds, sprouted, raw	15
Catsup	15
Catsup, low sodium	15
Grapefruit, raw, pink and red, Florida	15
Grapefruit, raw, white, Florida	15
Mushrooms, Chanterelle, raw	15
Rowal, raw	15
Cucumber, peeled, raw	14
Grapes, american type (slip skin), raw	14
Jerusalem-artichokes, raw	14
Lime juice, raw	14
Nuts, coconut meat, raw	14
Pepper, banana, raw	14
Peppers, hot chili, red, raw	14
Soursop, raw	14
Apricots, raw	13
Bamboo shoots, raw	13
Cherries, sweet, raw	13
Horned melon (Kiwano)	13
Mung beans, mature seeds, sprouted, raw	13
Pineapple, raw, all varieties	13
Pineapple, raw, extra sweet variety	13
Pineapple, raw, traditional varieties	13
Potatoes, russet, flesh and skin, raw	13
Sorghum grain	13
Tomatoes, green, raw	13
Acerola, (west indian cherry), raw	12
Grapefruit, raw, pink and red and white, all areas	12
Grapefruit, raw, white, all areas	12
Grapefruit, raw, white, California	12
Passion-fruit, (granadilla), purple, raw	12
Peppers, hungarian, raw	12
Peppers, jalapeno, raw	12
Potatoes, flesh and skin, raw	12
Yambean (jicama), raw	12
Carissa, (natal-plum), raw	11
Grapefruit, raw, pink and red, California and Arizona	11
Mammy-apple, (mamey), raw	11
Mangos, raw	11
Melons, casaba, raw	11
Mushrooms, shiitake, dried	11
Nuts, chestnuts, japanese, boiled and steamed	11
Pears, raw, green anjou	11
Pears, raw, red anjou	11
Peppers, serrano, raw	11
Peppers, sweet, yellow, raw	11
Pomegranate juice, bottled	11
Quinces, raw	11
Rice, white, glutinous, raw	11
Acerola juice, raw	10
Arrowhead, raw	10
Cherimoya, raw	10
Grapes, red or green (European type, such as Thompson seedless), raw	10
Pears, raw, bosc	10
Peppers, sweet, green, raw	10
Pomegranates, raw	10
Potatoes, red, flesh and skin, raw	10
Eggplant, raw	9
Grapefruit juice, pink, raw	9
Grapefruit juice, white, raw	9
Groundcherries, (cape-gooseberries or poha), raw	9
Melons, cantaloupe, raw	9
Pears, raw	9
Pears, raw, bartlett	9
Pitanga, (surinam-cherry), raw	9
Potatoes, white, flesh and skin, raw	9
Rice, white, medium-grain, raw, enriched	9
Rice, white, medium-grain, raw, unenriched	9
Yautia (tannier), raw	9
Abiyuch, raw	8
Cranberries, raw	8
Millet, raw	8
Nuts, pine nuts, pinyon, dried	8
Persimmons, japanese, raw	8
Apples, raw, fuji, with skin	7
Apples, raw, gala, with skin	7
Corn grain, white	7
Corn grain, yellow	7
Oheloberries, raw	7
Peppers, sweet, red, raw	7
Tomatillos, raw	7
Watermelon, raw	7
Apples, raw, golden delicious, with skin	6
Apples, raw, red delicious, with skin	6
Apples, raw, with skin	6
Arrowroot, raw	6
Blueberries, raw	6
Lemon juice, raw	6
Melons, honeydew, raw	6
Nectarines, raw	6
Peaches, raw	6
Plums, raw	6
Apples, raw, granny smith, with skin	5
Apples, raw, without skin	5
Bananas, raw	5
Litchis, raw	5
Tomatoes, orange, raw	5
Mushrooms, white, stir-fried	4
Passion-fruit juice, purple, raw	4
Passion-fruit juice, yellow, raw	4
Pears, asian, raw	4
Plantains, green, fried	4
Pummelo, raw	4
Carambola, (starfruit), raw	3
Mushrooms, oyster, raw	3
Mushrooms, portabella, exposed to ultraviolet light, raw	3
Mushrooms, portabella, raw	3
Mushrooms, white, raw	3
Plantains, raw	3
Rice, white, short-grain, raw	3
Corn, sweet, white, raw	2
Corn, sweet, yellow, raw	2
Nuts, ginkgo nuts, raw	2
Nuts, beechnuts, dried	1